Tonsillitis treatment

Tonsillitis refers to inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils (glands at the back of the throat, visible through the mouth). Inflammation may involve other areas of the back of the throat, including the adenoids and the lingual tonsils (tonsil tissue at the back of the tongue). Variations of tonsillitis include acute, recurrent, chronic and peritonsillar abscess. Recurrent tonsillitis is diagnosed when there are more than seven episodes in a year, more than five episodes a year in a two-year period or more than three episodes a year spanning three years.

Viral or bacterial infections and immunologic factors lead to tonsillitis and its complications. Nearly all children in the United States experience at least one episode of tonsillitis. Due to improvements in medical and surgical treatments, complications associated with tonsillitis, including death, are rare.

Who gets tonsillitis?

Tonsillitis most often occurs in children, but rarely in those younger than 2 years old. Tonsillitis caused by bacteria (Streptococcus species) typically occurs in children ages 5 to 15 years, while viral tonsillitis is more common in younger children. A peritonsillar abscess is usually found in young adults but can occur occasionally in children. The patient's history often helps identify the type of tonsillitis present (i.e., acute, recurrent, chronic).

What causes tonsillitis?

The herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus pyogenes (GABHS), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and the measles virus cause most cases of acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Bacteria cause 15% to 30% of pharyngotonsillitis cases, and GABHS (e.g., strep throat) cause most bacterial tonsillitis.

What are common symptoms of tonsillitis?

Symptoms vary by the type of tonsillitis as follows:

• Acute tonsillitis: Fever, sore throat, foul breath, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (painful swallowing), tender cervical lymph nodes, lethargy and malaise. Airway obstruction due to swollen tonsils may cause mouth breathing, snoring, nocturnal breathing pauses or sleep apnea. Symptoms usually resolve in three to four days but may last up to two weeks despite therapy.
• Recurrent tonsillitis: Inflamed tonsils, sore throat, yellow or white coating on the tonsils, swollen glands, hoarseness, ear pain, trouble swallowing, mouth breathing, fever and bad breath. This diagnosis is made when an individual has multiple episodes of acute tonsillitis in a year.
• Chronic tonsillitis: Chronic sore throat, halitosis, tonsillitis and persistently tender cervical nodes.
• Peritonsillar abscess: Severe throat pain, fever, drooling, foul breath, trismus (difficulty opening the mouth) and muffled voice quality, such as the “hot potato” voice (as if talking with a hot potato in his or her mouth).

What happens during the physician visit?

The first visit includes a general ear, nose and throat examination and a review of the patient’s medical history. A physical examination of a young patient with tonsillitis may find:

• Fever and enlarged, inflamed tonsils covered by pus.
• Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat), which can cause tonsillitis associated with the presence of palatal petechiae (tiny hemorrhagic spots, of pinpoint to pinhead size, on the soft palate). Neck nodes may be enlarged. A fine red rash over the body suggests scarlet fever. GABHS pharyngitis usually occurs in children ages 5 to 15 years old.
• Mouth breathing and muffled voice from obstructive tonsillar enlargement. The voice change with acute tonsillitis usually is not as severe as that associated with peritonsillar abscess.
• Tender cervical lymph nodes and neck stiffness (often found in acute tonsillitis).
• Signs of dehydration (found by examination of skin and mucosa).
• The possibility of infectious mononucleosis due to EBV in an adolescent or younger child with acute tonsillitis, particularly when cervical, axillary and/or groin nodes are tender. Severe lethargy, malaise and low-grade fever accompany acute tonsillitis.
• A grey membrane covering tonsils that is inflamed from an EBV infection. (This membrane can be removed without bleeding.) Palatal petechiae (pinpoint spots on the soft palate) may also be seen with an EBV infection.
• Red swollen tonsils that may have small ulcers on their surfaces in individuals with herpes simplex virus (HSV) tonsillitis.
• Unilateral bulging above and to the side of one of the tonsils when peritonsillar abscess exists. A stiff jaw, difficulty opening the mouth and ear pain may be present in varying severity.

Treatment

Tonsillitis is usually treated with a regimen of antibiotics. Fluid replacement and pain control are important. Hospitalization may be required in severe cases, particularly when there is airway obstruction. When the condition is chronic or recurrent, surgery to remove the tonsils is often recommended. Peritonsillar abscess may require more urgent treatment to drain the abscess.

For more information about tonsillitis, please call Pediatrix ENT of Orlando at 407-253-1000.